length: 1 1/2 - 2 pages, little essays

  1. Give three specific examples of ways in which European culture – art, music,literature – was influenced by psychology, social Darwinism or science? Use Dr.Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and lectures.
    1. use lecture 4 (bourgeoisie) and lecture 9 (science & modernity) + Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde
      1. theme: dr jekyll’s natural desire vs the cultural restraints of society forced him to turn into mr. hyde
        1. freud’s repression: denial of emotions
      2. lecture 4 & 9: Bourgeoisie & science/modernity
        1. Friedrich Nietzsche → challenged bourgeoisie morals, liberalism
        2. value, progress, democracy, religion: waste of time truth and reality unknowable
    2. social darwinism: application of darwin’s “survival of the fittest” economics, wealth,
      1. eugenics connected
    3. freud & pavlov
      1. freud: 3 levels of the psyche:The id Superego Ego
        1. Mental disorders = natural desires vs. cultural restraints
      2. pavlov:science: challenge religion, notions of civilized human
        1. Challenge to Enlightenment: irrational animalistic nature of human experience
        2. classical conditioning Behaviorism, fear conditioning
  2. Give three examples of how the use of new fuels have created or influenced major historical events such as the industrial revolution, WW1, WW2, or Chernobyl. Use Voices from Chernobyl, Babushkas of Chernobyl and lectures to discuss this.
    1. coal, gas, oil, & nuclear energy
      1. Industrial revolution → new imperialism → scramble for Africa → king leopold’s ghost
      2. with the industrial revolution creating massive changes in transportation like the creation of steamboats, it allowed global powers to access the african interior like the congo
      3. fossil fuels: WW1
        1. World War I saw a shift from energy production based on wood and hydropower to fossil fuels, particularly petroleum. Petroleum became a strategic advantage because it could be easily transported and used in different types of vehicles and ships. The war saw a transition from horses and other animals to gas-powered trucks and tanks, and oil-burning ships and airplanes.
        2. Artillery, machine guns, barbed wire (inventions from the industrial revolution), effectively stopped advancement, trench warfare
        3. tanks, airplanes, and naval vessels, revolutionized warfare during World War I. Oil-powered machinery replaced traditional coal-powered engines, enabling faster movement, greater mobility, and more powerful weaponry on land, sea, and air.
        4. fueled trucks, trains, and ships that transported troops, equipment, and supplies to the front lines. The ability to rapidly transport troops and materiel over long distances gave European powers a strategic advantage and facilitated the mobilization of large armies across vast theaters of war.
    2. Nuclear energy:
      1. Manhattan Project:
      2. The use of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 brought an end to World War II but also ushered in a new era of nuclear proliferation and Cold War tensions. The bombings demonstrated the devastating power of nuclear weapons and raised concerns about the possibility of nuclear conflict in Europe and around the world.
      3. The development of nuclear weapons during World War II contributed to the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Europe became a key battleground in this ideological and military struggle, with both superpowers deploying nuclear weapons and establishing military alliances, such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact, to counter each other's influence.
    3. Voices from Chernobyl:
      1. Examines the catastrophic consequences of nuclear power and the Chernobyl disaster.
      2. Discusses how the reliance on nuclear energy shaped Soviet policies and contributed to the Cold War tensions.
      3. Explores the human impact of technological disasters on communities and the environment.
      4. In the Stalinist command economy, managers perpetually cut corners and falsified records to comply with central planners’ unrealistic quotas and deadlines, and avoiding personal responsibility for failure was of paramount importance. The testimonies in Voices from Chernobyl illuminate two dysfunctional consequences of this system: chronic shortages of basic consumer goods and substandard output.
  3. Give three examples of a European migration patterns and population movements that have influenced social and political developments in Europe. You need to discuss one from before 1900 (empires and industrial revolution), one between 1900 and 1945 (20th century) and one after 1945 (Cold War to current times)! Please, use Moving Europeans and lectures.: moving europeans, industrial revolution: migrations to urban cities, potato famine: migration to US, cold war migration: from east germans trying to leave
    1. Pre 1900: circular migration
      1. In the long run, shifts in landownership that would produce a proletarian countryside, the movement of capital to urban areas, and the concomitant shifts in the labor force would all serve to produce a metropolitan world. But in the short run, the changes described above inflated seasonal work, economic insecurity, and temporary movement. The nineteenth century saw the development of seasonal and temporary migration systems that may be unprecedented. As we have seen, at the beginning of the century roughly 300,000 men and women moved annually in seven major systems of seasonal migration (that each included over 20,000 people annually).
      2. Germans moved to the United States or eventually found employment in the new industrial cities of the Rhine-Ruhr zone. Reversing a centuries-old pattern, workers from the Netherlands trekked to Germany as industry prospered there after 1875.60 Most spectacularly, massive migration systems developed east of the Elbe River as labor force changes reverberated throughout the provinces of eastern Germany, Austria-Hungary, and western Russia. Germans from poor and upland areas harvested and performed urban work from the Tyrol north to the Baltic Sea and from Holland east to Russia.
      3. In western Europe, the numbers of agricultural laborers who migrated for short-term farm tasks recovered from the low point of the Napoleonic war period and rose to new heights. Irish and Scots came in greater numbers to harvest in Ehgland. By 1841, the number of Irish who worked in England between planting their potatoes in February and digging them up in November numbered at least 50,000 per year.62 At mid-century over 264,000 male and 98,200 female agricultural workers in France moved in seasonal migration circuits-not including foreign harvesters like the Belgians, who cut grain in northern France. The number of people in the vine harvest-intense, short-term work-reached nearly 526,500 men and 352,100 women.
      4. The construction of the transportation infrastructure vastly expanded temporary seasonal work in the nineteenth century. New and improved roads, canals, and railroad lines provided temporary mobile employment. Because of the ubiquitous, continual, and intense nature of railroad construction, it in particular mobilized thousands of men—to excavate roadbeds in countryside and city, pierce tunnels, construct bridges, surface roadbeds, and lay rails. Railroad construction covered Britain in the 1830s and 1840s, then the low countries, France, and Germany.
      5. Rail networks produced more circular migration routines. Fast delivery encouraged the production of seasonal goods for urban markets. People willing to pay high prices for fresh meat and dairy products
    2. 1900-1945:
      1. World War I proved to be a death-knell for millions of Europeans and a keen restraint on*free migration 1 Century as well. The war signaled an increasing role for the state in human mobility, and the rest of the century would see states directly sponsoring, regulating, and forcing migration
      2. For example, the movement of Poles from Austrian and Russian territories into the German Reich had been regulated for some time, and since 1905 Britain had restricted the entry of Jews. Emerging regulations of border crossing were reinforced and augmented during the war throughout western Europe: The identification of foreigners and regulation of movement increased with requirements for visas, the Britigh Aliens Restriction Act of 1914, Italian laws restricting emigration in 1915, and the French requirement of identification cards for foreigners in 1917
      3. The regulation of immigration and foreign labor that intensified during World War I with the institution of offices, mechanics, and ideologies of labor recruitment and control would become a hallmark of the twentieth century. Moreover, the status of foreigners became more salient in questions of citizenship, juridical rights, suffrage, and political discussion.? This would be a century scarred by great wars, during which civilians would be displaced by battle and state policy, for reasons of nationality or ethnicity. In the European wars of the twentieth century, borders were crossed by millions "whose passports were guns and whose visas were bullets. They set in motion millions of others who marched unarmed between streams of blood and tears.”
    3. After 1945: cold war migration
      1. east germans to west
  4. Give three examples of minority politics or territorial disputes that caused or involved in Europe. You can use lecture, Black and British, Ordinary Men (the documentary) or Balkans in flames to discuss this.
  5. Give three examples of revolutions in Europe, one from the 19th century (1800-1900), one from the communist era (1945-1989) and one from the post-communist era (after 1989). What do they have in common? What separates them? Use lecture and BBC Fall of the Berlin Wall.

IDS

The Black Hand

bosnian-serbian nationalists, secret society,

1910’s

started WW1 → group that shot franz ferdinand

The Central Powers

german empire, austria hungary, ottoman empire, bulgaria

1910s

The Allies

france, uk, russia, italy, japan, & usa → (not officially)

1910s

fought ww1 against the central powers